Colour Code For RJ45 Connector of LAN Cable

Straight Cable:
Orange white ------- Orange
Green white --------- Blue
Blue white ----------- Green
Brown white --------- Brown

Cross Over Cable:
Green white --------- Green
Orange white -------- Blue
Blue white ----------- Orange
Brown white --------- Brown

Same Device (Cross Over Cable):
Pc --------- Pc
Pc --------- Router
Hub ------- Hub
Hub ------- Switch
Switch ---- Switch
Router ---- Router

Different Device (Straight Cable):
Pc --------- Hub
Pc --------- Switch
Router ---  Switch
Router ---- Hub

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10 Important Tips For Wireless Network Security

Wireless network security Tips:

Wireless networks are one of the growing technologies due to the increasing use and development new security threat may interrupt the wireless networks. Many home users or professional neglect the security factor of the wireless network and in result they get their data almost or infected by some malicious virus or Trojan horses. When using wifi technologies the security products available usually doesn’t provide complete security .that is why wireless is known unreliable when data security is concerned. But these threats can be reduced by following some of the minor tips and very small things that can save the data from being lost. Home user can use these effectively for their home wireless network security purposes.

1) Randomly change or modify your network or administrator passwords

The most frequently used tip for securing the home and commercial wireless networks is the change of the usernames or administrator’s account through which you access the router point. One can customize the pages that are provided by the manufacturer of the equipment or setup of different or assigned web pages. Through these WebPages users/owner can enter not their account and can change and customize according to their need. Along with the web pages web tool for the protections also provided to hide the usernames and login screen form rest of the public and third party users. All the users must change there passwords and usernames to avoid the hacking threat that can collect information and private data online.

2) Make use of encryption technology All the wi-fi setups support at least one type of encryption techniques. encryption randomly hides and encrypts all the message that are sent via wireless networks and its quite hard for the hacker to get the going data the data encrypted can be red by the machine or conversion software only not by the human directly .but because of the advanced technology one should choose the strongest wi-fi encryption program to use in order to keep the data at the safest mode. Identical wireless encryption sharing can be done .in this way only users would be able to see the shared data.

3) Change all the SSID after some time All the access point of the network and routers make use of common name which is called SSID .for every individual equipment SSID is designed by the manufacturer .SSID doesn’t allow even the neighboring machine to interfere the transmission. All the users having the configuration rights should change their default SSID to keep the communication safe.

4) Mac address Filtering In wireless networks there is an option for the filtration of MAC addresses for the security of network. In this way the safe physical addresses of the access points can participation the networking and data sharing.

5) SSID broadcast restriction
Blocking the broadcasting by the SSID can also be an effective security technique in wireless networks.

6) Restrict the auto detection of wifi around
Another useful technique is to restrict the auto connect option for the detection of the wireless network around. This may expose your computer system to different kind of security risks.

7) Static IP Addresses.
It’s useful for the home users that they should assign static IP addresses to the wifi devices .many of them use the DHCP technique to assign the dynamic IP which is easier technique but it’s quite unsafe.

8) Firewall
Enabling the firewall on each single attached device can also protect the wireless network.

9) Router Access Positioning
To protect the signal leakage in Wifi networks router access points and ranges must be configured.

10) Network turning off
Turn of the network properly when not in use.

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10 Important Tips For Improving Wireless Network

Important Tips For Improve Wireless Networks:

As we all know that the operation of these networks depends upon the wireless technology and the components used in the wireless media such as routers etc. So little bit interruption of change in the setting of these components can change the efficiency or the performance of the wireless networks. There are many solutions that are used World wide but some techniques that are commonly used to improve the performance and working of the wireless networks are as follows

1. Position of Wireless Access Point
Wireless access point or the wireless router is the main component of wireless networking because it is that component that accesses the whole networking of the wireless system. The location or the position of the access point of the wireless device should be placed in center because if the wireless router or the access point is not placed in the center the strength the signal are very weak and show low performance.

2.Changing the Wireless Antenna:
Wireless antenna is also an important part of the wireless devices because it is the source of the generation of the signals. Generally the antennas present with wireless routers can send signals almost in all directions, if the router is placed near to the wall then the signal of wireless device disturbed. So, use antennas that send signals in one direction.

3.Replacing the Network Adapter:
Different types of network adapters are used in the system for the sake of wireless networking. But some times some networking adapters are not compatible with the wireless networking device and show low performance. So by changing the network adapter with the suitable one we can also increase the working of the wireless networks.

4.Upgrade Adapter Driver:
Wireless networks can also be enhanced by updating the driver or the software of the networking adapter of the system. Because some times few components of the driver are not similar to the required driver of wireless devices.

5.Addition of Wireless Repeater:
As different tips are used to improve the performance of the wireless network but another important tip that is used to improve the networking of the wireless network is the addition of the wireless repeater. Attach the repeater near to access point without any kind of wiring .

6.Update the network:
By updating the network we can also improve the performance of the wireless network.

7.Same vendor:
There are so many improvement techniques of wireless network, but the common and the easy tip to improve the wireless network is that the users should buy all the cards and other wireless devices from the same vendor .

8.Arrangement of Other Wireless Devices:
The other wireless devices that are present in the home should be arranged properly according to the computer such as wireless telephone sets because they can decrease the signaling power of the wireless router.

9.Away from Metal:
Wireless access points should be placed away from the floor and the metal devices.

10.Network Cabling:
A user should use the specific and the perfect cable for setting up a wireless network because it also affects the efficiency of the network.

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How to Build Home made Wireless Antenna

Home made wireless antenna:

All wireless device consists of an antenna. It is the device that is used by the wireless technologies to throw the signals in the air and also increase the signaling power and the coverage area of the router is called as wireless antenna. And building such type of antenna in the home is called as home made wireless antenna. It has a coverage area as equal to the commercial wireless antenna but it save a large amount of money required to purchase the commercial one. 

How to Build Homemade Wireless Antenna:

It is very easy to build wireless antenna in the home in order to save the large amount of expense required to build or purchase the wireless antenna from market. Building a wireless antenna in the home based on different steps that are the essential part of the building. These steps are as follows

1. Collection of Required material
2. Setting or Building process.

Collection of required Material:

The first step in building the wireless antenna in the home is the collection of the material required for building. The essential materials for the homemade wireless antenna are as follows

1. 

   Tin can 
2. Copper wire gauge
3. Drill
4. Soldering iron or solder
5. Nut and Bolts
6. Connectors

Tin Can: Select the tin can for this purpose, the tin can should be of 3 inches in diameter. Mostly soup cans are suitable for such purposes but they can vary in their size.

Copper wire: Gauge copper wire is also used to develop the connection between different parts. 12 wires of 1.25 inches are used to connect the connector

Nut and Bolts: Drill is used to do the holes in the tin can and the nuts and the bolts should be long that they can easily penetrate into the tin can.

Soldering: The wires should be soldered with the help of soldering iron to make the connection permanent.

Connectors: Female N- connectors are used for such purpose of building the wireless antenna in the home

Building Process:

For building the home made wireless antenna different steps are used to join the required material.

These steps are as follows:

1. The first step in the building process is to do the holes in the tin can either the help of drill. The holes should be wide and long as the bolts and the connectors are passing way easily. Te holes should be designed by keeping in mind the frequencies of the connectors.
2. After the use of drill, assemble the N-type’s connectors with them with the help of gauge copper wires and soldered them to make the connection permanent. The length of the wire and the tubes are as close as they can easily connect the connectors for the access.
3. After soldering, wait little bit and allow the soldering to cool down and then attach the bolts in such manner that their nuts are outside the can. After this the home made wireless antenna is ready to do the work.
4. the final step is the attachment of the antenna with the access points of the networking device to do the wireless networking

Advantages of Homemade Wireless Antenna:

Some important advantages of the homemade wireless antenna are; it can save the money, build with the cheap material, have good signaling power it can also be enhances by changing the position of the tin can.

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What is Long range wi-fi? - How to Setup Long Range Wi-fi?

Introduction:

Long range Wi-fi is the technology in which the range and the communication power of the Wifi with the help of different architectures and try to develop the system or network similar to that of the cellular networks with the help of much low cost processes on regular basis is called as the long range Wifi.

How to Setup Long Range Wifi?

For setting a long range Wifi in a reticular area we need some important hardware components that can play an important role in developing and maintaining the communication between the two ends or locations. Some of the important components are the long range Wifi routers and access points, long range Wifi antennas, long range Wifi bridges, long range Wifi repeaters and many more. As long range Wifi is setting between the two ends so keep the long range Wifi router and the access points on the one end and bridges on the other end. The antennas which are used to sending and receiving the signals from the devices are placed at both ends in which communications going to develop. Connect the hardware properly and configure it with the available networks for the sake of doing transmission of data.

Applications of Long Range Wifi:

As long range Wifi is completely based on the wireless technological architecture so it has many applications almost in every field. Instead of business application long range Wifi is also applicable on the residential uses. Some of the common and the important applications in both sectors are as follows

Business Applications:

There are many different type applications in the business field that is governed by the long range Wifi, some important of them are

1. With the help of long range Wifi offices or the companies can interact with other at large distances.
2. Long range Wifi is also applicable on the point to point communication that really helpful in doing the communication and data transmission between the large populated areas.
3. Provide internet connectivity to those areas which areas out of reach of the internet is the one of the big application of the long rang Wifi.

Residential Applications:

Providing good applications to the business fields for the enhancement of the business, long range Wifi also provide some applications fro the home users of eh Wi-fi technology or the wireless technology.

1. Brilliant source of the internet connectivity for the people in the home where the digital subscriber line or the cable internet is not reachable.
2. Faster source of communication among the houses that are built on the hilly areas.
3. Long range Wifi is also applicable in those areas where the connectivity or the signals of the Wifi are quite low, so it is very much help full in such locations.

Disadvantages of Long Range Wifi:

Where long range Wifi has many advantages and applications it also have some serious disadvantages, some of the disadvantages are given as follows

1. Number of boosters are placed to increase the range of the Wifi where it looks quite beneficial, it has some serious cons i.e. it provide the site to threats and some technical faults and also make the connection slower.
2. Some of the microwaves interrupt the connectivity and communication in the cities.
3. In the forest areas signals can also be disturbed by trees.

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What is Wi-Fi Array? - How Wi-fi Array Works?

In the field of networking there are lots of devices that are associated with the Wifi one of them is Wifi Array. It is that type of device that is used to increase the number of wireless users and also permit more then one thousand users (1000) to do the access at the same time with the help of different types of antennas of multiple nature that can use the radio signals to access and carry on the wireless communication among the users is called as Wifi array.

How Wifi Array Works?

Wifi array works as same as the Wifi can because the whole working of the Wifi array based on the principles on which the wireless LAN or Wifi depends. Basically Wifi array is used to mange the networking of the different types of devices such as Ethernet etc. different types of access points are used to carry on the working of the Wifi array. Multiple antennas are used by different types of users to stay connected with the network and also sending the radio signals with them. Wifi array has a rounded structure that is designed in such a way to give proper results to all the users’ i.e. more then 1000. These all antennas and the access points are placed in the single box. The access points used in the working of the Wifi array also acts as a Trans receiver of the radio signals that can transmits and receive the signals over the network. With the help of this we can access over long distances between the buildings as well as homes. Wifi threat sensors are also present in the working of Wifi array.

Wifi Array Architecture:

In the architecture of the Wifi array we can discuss about the technicalities of the arrangement of the devices and the parts in the device box. There are different types of devices are used on the Wifi array such as multipoint, antennas controllers etc. basically the whole architecture of the Wifi array depends on enhancing the RF capacity of the Wifi that is the easy solution to resolve fundamental issues of the wireless networking. All the access points and the antennas are arranged as close as they can easily do the access over the network with the help o radio signals. All the access points of the Wifi array are controlled by a special unit call as IAP (integrated Access points). This arrangement can increase the bandwidth also to cover the large area. Whole architecture of the Wifi array depends on the multiple access system.

Advantages of Wifi Array: 

As we know that wireless networking has many advantages in this present world. So, as Wifi array is also the part of the wireless networking it also have many advantages that cab take the moral of the technology high. Some important advantages of the Wifi array are as follows

1. It can provide a large access to all the users at the same time.
2. It can also increase the bandwidth of the networking so it is very easy to access to the network.
3. Multi radio devices provide reliability in the working and can also operate over long distances.
4. Wifi array can cover more then 4x area of networking and can provide the long range networking for data transmission.
5. It is the only device that has a capacity to replace the old management of networks.

Future of this technology is very bright as compared to other wireless technologies.

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What is municipal wi-fi network?

Municipal wifi is operate don the concept of WAZ. It refers to the converting whole city into a single network such as Wireless Access zone for making the ultimate access at consistent speed in wide ranges of area. Many universities and large organization collaborate diversely by organization municipal Wifi. This technique is applied by creating wireless mesh of hundreds of computer via municipal broad band. To connect the far across and large parts of the network. It designs involves hundred of routers and utility poles that are deployed to the customer on demand and there exist a single operator who is known as the wireless service provider. It could be any organization offering municipal Wifi service.

Historical background:

Municipal Wi-fi was introduced in mid year 2000 and the first ever funded municipal wi-fi network was funded by the Google which with the passage of time failed to capture the major parts of the city .in year 2007 earth link claimed to be the best service provider in Wi-fi covering largest area which remained in voice for many years. Recently in 2009 Microsoft and Yahoo co also stared providing the municipal Wi-fi service in many part of the United States. They are very famous because of there dynamical diverse ranges.

Architecture And working:

Municipal Wi-fi has different architecture the local technologies for working because they cover widest are and the only technology that can meet the architectural specifications is the satellites technology. Municipal architectures are quite complexes but highly beneficial they include hundred of routers and thousands of networking circuits to build the network in far coffee shops, hotels, universities, public libraries and open surfing places  and large commercial organizations. Some says it has the piggy backing opportunities which facilitates the users at far across places. No wire is present in municipal wifi as well only poles for supporting the consistent wireless digital signals are provide at different points which keep the data transfer and exchange of information more consistent. There working is similar to the Wifi technology for short ranges but architecture is highly integrated.

Advantages of Municipal Wi-fi:

• Municipal wi-fi cover huge area which makes them suitable for long distance data transfer and communication.
• File sharing is consistent because of the additional frequency poles.
• These networks are capable of enhancing and improving the network management with public safety feature more specifically in the situations when concerned employee is out of the city
• They are the best economical networks for the people who can’t afford private high speed services.

Disadvantages of Municipal Wi-fi:

• Highly integrated and complex architecture that involves numerous routers, bridges and networking circuits.
• Another major disadvantage of such system is that when service for Wifi is free then self operating in complex and such large systems because one has to choose individually in which workgroup he or she needs to enter and at which data transfer rate.
• Municipal network pole sometimes interfere the radio frequency waves which can distort the communication and server hang ups.
• Digital signal situation can interrupt the communication which may result in high dissatisfaction of its users. They relay on the individual traffic node that must be consistent fro good transfer and message exchange.

Future Perception:

Municipal Wifi is one of the efficient ways but it still has some draw backs which can be reduced through the research and implementing new networking strategies. Municipal networks are beneficial for many institutions like universities where it can help in collaborating the administrative activities. New advancement are expected in the technology in near future

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IEEE 802.11 WiFi technology standards

IEEE 802.11 is standard use world widely for Wireless Local Area network, WLAN, it stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. In simple words it is standard of communication between computers and wireless devices. The standards were set by IEEE LAN/MAN Standard committee in 5GHZ and 2.4 GHz public spectrum bands.

The IEEE 802.11 is consisting of of numerous mechanism and services that interrelate to present station mobility translucent to the higher layers of the network mass. IEEE 802.11 is a combination of wireless LAN. We can use IEEE 802.11 and WiFi often as interchangeably depends on market demand. It is a basic protocol of any high speed wireless network from 1997 to 2008. There are lots of change occurred in it but the basics “high performance" never change. The frequency of it is from 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz and range is from 100 meter to 5000 meter. It specifies a single medium access control as MAC and three physical layers and offering different service such as Authentication of system, De-authentication of system, data privacy, MSDU delivery, Association with files and system, Disassociation, Distribution of data, Integration of information, and Re-association. You can configure a station with IEEE 802.11 in different ways as independent configuration, and infra-structure configuration. The IEEE 802.11 starts from the need to connect more than one computer with each other wirelessly especially where the wire cannot go.

IEEE 802.11 required accepting device to activate in a peer-to-peer fashion within the possibly of overlie same as access control level and data transformation services to allow top layers .There are several physical layer represent signaling methods and interfaces. Solitude and safety of user data is being moved over the wireless media via IEEE 802.11.According to OSI model an IEEE 802.11 protocol having direct frequency, hopping sequence, spread spectrum PHY and infrared PHY. IEEE 802.11 specifies a single medium access sub layers called MAC and physical layers with different specifications. The first is physical layers having two radio and infrared. The physical layer contain Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Radio PHY offering 1 Mbit/s with two level and 2 Mbit/s with 4 level,  As it is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Radio PHY provides DBPSK and DQPSK with 1 and 2 Mbit/s operation, Infrared PHY offer 1 Mbit/s with16-PPM and 2 Mbit/s with –PPM.

These days 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g are mostly in use to create a network home, offices and commercial locations. The architecture of IEEE 802.11 consists of 802.1X for verification, RSN for maintenance track of links, and AES-based CCMP to provide privacy, veracity and basis. IEEE 802.11 with the propagation of modems and DSL services makes it reliable. People always desire to set up small networks in their homes to distribute their elevated rate Internet connection. There are many free networks commonly permit anyone within specific range, counting passersby outer, to connect to the Internet. There is also hard work by unpaid helper groups to launch wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public. Networking without wire has a talented prospect with 802.11.The dynamic nature of IEEE 802.11 increasing radically in the near future.

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What is Bluetooth technology? - How Bluetooth technology works?

Blue tooth technology:

Bluetooth is a device which is frequently sued for sharing the files, photographs and other data through the wireless connection. The word was derived fro the Norway and Denmark kingdom and its logo is typical for every key device it is used for.

How Bluetooth technology works:

Bluetooth is the wireless data transfer device that makes use of the radio technology with the spread spectrum for the purpose of communication. First when Bluetooth is activated fro sending any file from one destination to other it is divided into the chunks of data with equivalent t size mostly up to 79 bands or one mega hertz each chunk. Although radio frequency may be short range but Bluetooth can be configured for up to 2.4 Giga hertz range most specifically for business and industrial areas. Bluetooth is a protocol that is complete based on the data packet technology with complete master slave architecture. One Bluetooth can act as master for the seven slaves at time by sharing the master clock at every device. This clock synchronizes ticks for the data transfer and timing is ser according to the data .first paring is done tow clock ticks make a pair and then other are configured for transferring the complete file. Even and odd slots are randomly or sequentially used according to structure of the main device.

Advantages:

There are many advantages that this fast connecting device provides to its users some of them are listed below.

• Bluetooth is one of the safest way to connect and exchange the data of different types over the wireless connections with may devices and hardware such as laptops, mobile phones, telephones, fax machines, Pc, printers GPS receivers ,digital photo camera  and video games console controllers.
• It is available in almost every high quality branded hand set. Many mobile manufacturer circuit Bluetooth as an additional feature to there mobile phones.
• Doesn’t consume large portion of time for transferring the data.
• Bluetooth doesn’t cost a single penny from their user for sharing the data files.
• Flexible and most reliable data transfer tool .
• No wrong file can be transferred without entering the pairing code from master and slave fro assuring the secure data and legal access to the file.
• Also provides the facility to be controlled with the help of wireless technology.

Bluetooth Specifications:

Typical standards and set of specification have been deigned for utilizing the Bluetooth feature efficiently.

1. A first connection for Bluetooth must be established or to or more piconets type scatter net in which some of the device assist as a bridges and on the other hand it must also play the role as the master to the other paired salves to its master.
2. Many dongle and USB wit blue tooth technology are also available in the market but they use less powerful Bluetooth mechanism as compared to the direct devices. These dongles have limited transmission capacity.

Applications:

There is a big list of Bluetooth applications are

• Data sharing from the memory cards or direct memory from hand set to hand set.
• Hand free hand set control while driving the cars.
• Its also used for the wireless collaboration and communication with inputs and output device of the computer system. such as mouse,printers etc.
• Full-fledged replacement of the traditional file transfer system with more efficient speed and reliable results.

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FAQ's of WiFi Technology

Frequently asked questions on WiFi:

The era of wireless technologies have set new standards of communication and they have changed our lives. However still there is much confusion related to the wireless technologies like WiFi. A revolutionary wireless technology which is becoming the base for the network connectivity and discovery of portable digital assistants also leaves number of questions on our mind. WiFi is the most widely used wireless network technology throughout the world.

Some Important Questions:

WiFi is a versatile wireless connection which provides wireless connectivity to unlimited number of users. There are number of questions which network users can ask. First of all the most frequently asked question is-

• what is the range of wifi,
• how many devices can be connected using WiFi,
• how to set up wireless security and many more.
• What is WiFi hotspot,
• what are 802.11 standards
• how does Wireless routers work? 

Suppose for example a user has put a question that how many number of devices be connected using WiFi. His question can be asked by making a link or answering it at the spot. The answer can be comprehensive like any WiFi point can support up to 255 devices. However the performance of the network is prone to alterations. Security is the main issue regarding wireless connection. Therefore the FAQ’s related to security are. To what extent wireless networks re secure what are wireless accesss security keys, what is war driving, what is the wireless equivalent privacy tools etc. WEP or wireless equivalent keys are a set of  a series of hexadecimal  code which includes the combination of numbers from 0 to 9 and the letters A to F.

Answer to Some FAQ’s:

Some FAQ’s related to WiFi can be answered by surfing through the unlimited data present on the websites. Let us share some this information with you. Wifi hotspot is a site which allows the wireless devices to connect to the wireless signals. These signals can be accessed anywhere like airports and café’s by using digital devices like smart phones, laptop and palm top. Wireless hotspots is a hot topic and some more advanced FAQ’s can be introduction to WiFi hotspots, how to locate free WiFi hotspot, is it secure to connect any wifi network and which is the favorite WiFi spot. The questions regarding IEEE802.11 standards which govern the working of the WiFi can be what the extensions to 802.11 standards are, is it right to upgrade current 802.11 standards and what is 802.11b or 802.11g. 802.11 is a set of standards which guide the working of the WiFi network. These standers are formed to guide frequency, range and speed of the wireless signals and also the issues regarding the compatible devices.

All WiFi Queries:

• Let us analyze the most common WiFi frequently asked questions .
• what is wifi network and the related technologies,
• what are the essential security measures in order to set up wifi,
• what is the range of WiFi,
• what is the signal strength of WiFi,
• which WiFi router is the most user friendly,
• what are the different types of wireless antennas,
• how to set and update WiFi passwords,
• what re factors which cause signal attenuation,
• how to set WiFi wireless LAN,
• what is the speed of WiFi,
• setting up WiFi at home,
• common WiFi hotspots and how to turn off the wifi routers.

These questions emit the confusions using the WiFi connections and WiFi hotspots. The awareness regarding the wireless technologies can be well judged by the number of questions which the users put on the different websites. This data can be also used by researchers to design their research papers and to present recommendations for improvement in the existing technology.

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Major / Important Wifi equipment

Important Wifi Equipments:

There are number of equipments that are used in the setting or developing a connection of the Wifi with the other technologies such as internet technology. Equipments are placed on the both areas which are involved in the wireless communication. Some of the important equipments that are used in the communication through Wi-fi are given below

Wireless Routers:

One of the main parts of the wireless networks or Wifi communication is the wireless routers. Basically it is an important equipment to connect the DSL and the modem used in the networking from that particular Wifi device. Every type of router can be able to support different type of protocols and also supports the firewall setting to provide the protection to the networking system. And the main function of the wireless router is to connect the wireless access points and the network switches.

Antennas:

Two different types of antennas are used as an equipment of the Wifi but the two common types of the antennas that are used frequently are the omni directional and the directional. The common difference between the omni directional and the directional antennas is that directional antennas can communicated with the other device in a specific direction where as the omni directional can do communication between the 360 degree angle.

Wireless Network Adapters:

Another important component of the Wifi is the wireless network adapters that are used to connect the system wirelessly. Every type of the wireless network adapters can support every standard of the wired or the wireless networks and they have radio transmitter and the signal receiver in it. Different forms of the wireless network adapters are used in the Wifi, some of the common examples are PCI, PC card or min PCI etc.

Wireless Access Point:

Next equipment tat is essential part of the Wifi or the wireless networking is the wireless access points that are generally called as the AP or the WAP. The purpose of using the wireless access points in the Wifi is to create a connection between the Ethernet cable and the wireless users. Wireless access point also work as centre point for the user called as infrastructure. When a wireless network is created in the offices or the buildings then it is referee t as the wireless local area network or WLAN. For the sake of the data transmission between the wireless and the wired devices the connection of the wireless access point is connected with wireless router and then the router integrates between the WAP and NS.

Wireless Print Server:

In some cases wireless pint servers are also equipped with the Wifi device for the sake of the connecting or sharing the two or more different printers. They are connected wit the help of USB cables.

Required Cables or Ports:

Ports and the cables really play a major role as an equipment of the Wifi because they are the source of connecting different devices that are external to the wireless LAN or the Wifi device. Fiber cables are also used for such purpose.

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How to improve Wi-Fi technology range ?- How to Boost Wi-Fi Signals?

How to improve Wi-Fi range ?

There are numerous ways which can be used to improve performance of wireless connection, and incase if you are not receiving full signal bar then there are numerous ways by which you can improve signals as well.

Ever since Wi-Fi technology has started to take over most of the ways to connect to internet, boosting its signal improving connection performance has always been in discussions. Wireless routers are most commonly used devices when are used for wireless connection, millions of wireless devices are used in homes and offices to access wireless internet using Wi-Fi technology.

There are following steps by which you can improve over all performance of Wireless networks and signal receiving. The first thing which should be done is to make sure that you are getting the most of your wireless router. Wireless router/switch should be placed on height by mounting it on wall preferably. Mounting it on centre of premises can improve performance as well. Any electronic device ranging 2.4Ghz which can be baby monitors, phones, Bluetooth devices, etc can create interference in communication of router resulting in decreased performance of connection.

There are possibilities that your neighbor is using Wi-Fi on same spectrum, this confliction can decrease performance as well, to avoid such a scenario use different channel from your neighbor connection, if your neighbor connection channel is 12, try to use channel 1 to avoid channel interference.

If things are not improved even after all these measures, then it is recommend to update your wireless router / access point. Consider buying new router with Multiple input multiple output (MIMO), or draft-n technology. There routers are specially design for greater rang then normal 802.11g standard routers, and also improves speed up to ten times.

Note: You can also boost signals for your wi-fi connection by customized made antennas

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Wi-Fi Infrastructure Mode Vs Ad hoc Mode

Overview of Wi-Fi modes:

Wireless technology has change the way for us to connect to internet, local and remote computers, it has enabled the implementation of imagination beyond the limits. There are two most common modes by which we connect to Wi-Fi for connectivity for accessing internet or other computer for file sharing etc.

The most common modes for Wi-Fi connectivity are as follow:

• Infrastructure mode
• Ad hoc Mode

Infrastructure mode:

Infrastructure mode is one of the two methods for connecting to wireless networks with Wi-Fi enabled devices such as laptops, Pda’s I-phone etc. These devices are connected to wireless network with the help of Access point (AP). Wireless Access Points are usually routers or switches which are connected to internet by Ethernet port.

Wireless Access points are always required for infrastructure mode of wireless networking. It is necessary to use SSID while configuring AP, this SSID should be known to clients for their computers to connect WLAN. SSID is basically security key which help prevent UN authorized access to WLAN.  The Access point is then connected to wire network (Internet) to provide wireless internet connectivity to clients. Multiple access points can be added in the WLAN, this increases the reach of infrastructure for supporting many number of wireless clients.

Setting Up Infrastructure Mode :

Setting up infrastructure mode for wireless connectivity is not that hard, all we are require to follow number of steps which will do the job.

We need to make sure that Internet cable is plugged in Ethernet port, second step is to configure AP (Access point). http://192.168.1.1 is usually the access panel address. Write this URL at your Internet browser, username and password window will appear, default settings are usually, admin username and admin password. We name the connection name which will appear to all wireless devices, then we enable infrastructure mode and also assign SSID in the switch/router for it broadcast

Now we scan wireless adaptor to see if any wireless network is available to connect, when configured network is appear, click and connect and provide SSID information, here you should be able to connect to the network for internet browsing and file sharing.

Ad hoc Mode:

There is another mode of connectivity available for Wi-Fi connectivity. This mode is known to be ad hoc mode. By using ad hoc mode, devices are capable for communicating directly with each other. No Access point (routers / switches) is required for communication between devices and all devices in the range connect in peer to peer communication mode.

Setting up Ad hoc Mode:

For setting up ad hoc mode, wireless adaptors of all devices are required to be configured manually at ad hoc mode instead of infrastructure mode. It is also important to use same channel name and configuring all wireless adaptors using same SSID for making connection live. Setting up ad hoc network

Limitation of Ad hoc mode:

Ad hoc mode is best used for small number of devices which are physically present in close proximity with each other and as the number of devices grows performance of network suffers. Disconnections of random device may occur time to time and managing the network can be difficult task for administrator. There is another limitation associated with ad hoc mode that is, ad hoc mode networks cannot bridge to wire LANs and cannot access internet without installing special gateways.

Advantages of Ad hoc network mode:

Ad hoc mode networks works fine in small environment, like building, homes etc. No extra hardware (Access point) is required to use ad hoc mode, therefore it reduces the cost. If devices have wireless network adapters in them already then that will do the job as far as building ad hoc networks is concern. Ad hoc can be useful as back up option for time being if network based on infrastructure mode and access points are malfunctioning.

comparison between Ad hoc and infrastructure:

If we are to compare ad hoc with infrastructure mode then infrastructure mode provide much more stability, scalability, ease of management and improved security. Ad hoc on the other hand does not provide security to that level and managing can be difficult incase of network growth. Performance suffers as we increase devices as well.

The only disadvantage associated with infrastructure mode is extra cost to for Access points (routers and switches).Compared to the alternative, ad-hoc wireless networks, infrastructure mode networks offer the advantage of scalability, centralized security management and improved reach. The disadvantage of infrastructure wireless networks is simply the additional cost to purchase AP hardware.

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What is Point to point wireless network? - How point to point wireless network Works?

Point to point wireless network:

Point to point wireless is a networking technique for linking or connecting to physical networking devices with the help of wireless technology. Many devices such as bridges, routers, connecters and transmitters work collectively in point to point wireless network. It is one of the leading techniques which is platform independent and works efficiently and effectively for the receiving and transmitting data from one place to another. Its organization is simple all required is to place the device in line of sight order.

How point to point wireless Works?

Point to point wireless works in line of site sequence to devices are placed in physical sequence for proper action of network. An appropriate distance should be maintained between networking devices for assuring the excellent working of wireless point to point connection. different kinds of devices are available in the market which are offering point to point high speed connections they works similarly tot he normal network but the only different is the absence of physical wires that acts as the connecting media. In place of those wire both the device activate the connection programs which are present in them .such as wireless internet service is the example of the point to point wireless.

Many radios also offer point to point wireless connections. Basically wireless point to point connection provides a bridge for the data or signals from one place to another.

Applications of Point to Point Wireless:

Point to point wireless is used for the connecting antenna to antenna points in the mobile telecom sectors for the propagation of signal from one place o another in line of sight order. Huge boosters are placed in the appropriate location in different cities or within the cities. It is one of the major technologies that are use for wireless networks. Wireless internet connections also use point to point wireless in providing services to the customers. It is very easy to create point to point connections and it’s also simpler to track any kind of signal interruption in point to point wireless connections.

Advantages of Point to Point Wireless:

There are many advantages of point to point wireless some of them are listed below.

1. One of the major advantages of point to pint wireless is the absence of wire. it requires on physical wire connections of eth signal and data traveling. This makes it much safer from the chance of fire cracker and mesh of sires like other networks.
2. Another useful advantage of the wireless point to point connection is the high speed.
3. Used in the daily use applications such as mobile connectivity.
4. Totally compatible in WAN.
5. Safer than the wired networking systems.

Disadvantages of Point to Point Wireless:

1. Point to point wireless is much expensive than the ordinary network connection. It almost 3 times more costly then the wired connections.
2. Wireless connections are easily interrupted by external noise and interference radiations such as noise of air planes and laser radiations. When line of sight is interrupted the signals drops to the nil.
3. These connections are not maintained to the long are geographical locations, if we want to develop the point to point wireless connections then it should line of sight order. Other wise the wireless would be complete failure.

Future Perception:

Point to point wireless is the famous technology but researchers are working hard to tackle the lacking features of this technology point to point wireless is used world wide in major telecommunications areas but it’s not applicable in satellite scenarios. It’s under development and very soon we would b seeing the point to point wireless as the perfect networking method all over the world

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What is wireless gigabit / Wigig Technology ? - How WIGIG Works?

What is Wigig Technology ?

Wireless devices and the wireless technology are very famous among the people because of its convenience and faster working. Recently a new technology has been introduced and made the wireless technology more advance, technology called as the Wireless Gigabit technology or WIGIG. Basically it is defined as the wireless technology that operates wireless over 60 Hz frequency band is called as the WIGIG technology. This technology is designed for the sake of the faster communication and faster transmission of data from one place to another at the more speed then Wifi or the wireless LAN

History of WIGIG:

The history of the WIGIG technology is not very historical because this technology was created in the last year with the help of different wireless technology such as wifi etc. Basically this wireless technology is a proof of expansion of wireless technologies. And the working performance of this technology is quite better and higher then the wifi technology. On the whole it is an evolvement from wifi.

Features of WIGIG:

There are many characteristics of the wireless gigabit technology because it governs all the applications of networking, transmission of data and different processes of communication with the help of faster rate of multi gigabit. And al the activities of the technology are carried out without the wires. Some of the important characteristics of the WIGIG technology are listed below

1. Wireless gigabit technology able to deals with all the processes of data transmission, display, audio and all the processes of communication
2. The average speed of communication or for information transfer of the WIGIG technology is more then 6 Gbit/sec.
3. Before this technology wifi was the latest one, but the speed of the wireless gigabit technology is 10 times faster then the traditional wifi technology.
4. WIGIG can be able to support the Tri band devices.

How Does WIGIG Works?

Wireless gigabit or WIGIG technology works in real specific way; its some aspects are similar to other wireless devices such as wifi and many more. But many aspects are different and very advanced as compared to all other old wireless technologies. Basically this technology was developed to overcome the little challenges of wireless technologies. At the earlier stages this technology was used in the single room from one system to another system and provides the way of connection between the home appliances but nowadays it become very important and the powerful source of networking for long distances. It is also used for voice communication. The component that take part in the generation and the creation of technology are the same as in wifi but the efficiency is 10 times more as compared to other devices

Specifications of WIGIG:

Wireless gigabit technology can specify the different aspects of wireless networking and can enhance the networking of the devices that operates wirelessly. Like other technologies WIGIG also have particular specifications, some of its important and valuable specifications that make the technology powerful are as follows

1. WIGI technology transmits the data from on place to another at faster rate as compared to all other technologies and the speed of transmission is 7gigabit per second.
2. Different types of layers take part in the working of the wireless gigabit technology, physical layer deals with all the devices of low and high power and maintain the status of communication.
3. Security of this wireless device is very much higher as compared to all other wireless devices
4. Formation of beam also a unique characteristic of the wireless gigabit technology that promotes the communication through long distances
5. Another important layer, protocol layer is present. This layer specifies the interfaces of the technology.

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What is WiFi Repeater? - How to Setup Wifi Repeater? - How Wi-fi Repeater Works?

Wi-Fi is generally called as the wireless LAN that are very useful device of wireless technology but in some area its signals are limited and they do not work properly. So to enhance the range and the transmission of this signals of wi-fi. A special type of device is used that is refer to as the wi-fi repeater. It is an electronic device that is used to amplify the signals and can transmit it in the distant areas.

How to Setup Wifi Repeater?
In setting the wi-fi repeater user should know well about the wireless router that is used in the wifi repeater to amplify the signals. The router theta is used in the setup of the wi-fi repeater should produce the healthy signals because it is the basic need of wifi repeater. Commonly the steps that are used to setup the repeater are given below

1. Wireless router should have power to broadcast the strong signal that has ability to amplify or rebroadcast again with help of wi-fi repeater. If it is not in the good condition then change it first.
2. Plug the power cable first in the wireless router then I the wall outlet of the electric power. Then plug one end of Ethernet cable in the back of the wi-fi repeater and other end with the wireless router.
3. After these connection turn on the wifi repeater and install its required software with the help of computer from given disk. After installing disconnects repeater from the both cables.
4. Then place the repeater between your wireless router and computer out from the range it will amplify the signals. Test the repeater on different wireless networks at halfway access point.

How does Wifi Repeater Works?
 Wi-fi repeater is a device that is operate electronically and it function is only to amplify the signals of the wireless or the wifi devices in those areas where the signaling power of the wifi devices are quite weak. First of all wireless or the wi-fi repeater collects all the signals with the help of antenna from the local area network or the source of signals, commonly different types of radio devices are used for such purpose. After the collection of all the signals of the wifi media then expand them to the users that are connected with the wifi repeater device, but only local users can take benefit with the device in the particular area. Generally it increases the power of the radio waves and match them with higher level and are use to increase the infrastructure of the particular device. Instead of wifi repeater, repeaters are also applicable on the other devices such as radio etc.

Problems with Wifi Repeater:
Every advance technology has some problems with their working and performance. Like others wifi repeaters also have some problems and if users neglect them they are unable to expand or amplify the signals of the wifi device. Some of the common problems of the wifi repeaters are as follows

1. Sometimes different types models of the systems are connected with it that has new or different infrastructure and the repeater does not support them. So in such conditions wifi repeater can not repeat or amplify the radio waves.
2. another common problem with the wifi repeater is that some times the signaling or the radio waves from the first source are very weak and the repeaters are fail to expand them or amplify them. So the signals from the source should be reliable for perfect expenditure.

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How Wi-Fi Certification is Processed

Introduction:

Wi Fi started its journey as the technology but now Wi FI alliance is into business .its an association that provides certification in order to promote and evaluate the Wireless LAN technology. It has specific standards that integrates the key feature of the interpretability .when any product confirms and meet the requirement of the standards it gets the certification approved by the WI FI Alliance. Not every of the IEEE standards apply or submit the complained device to achieve the certification. Its mostly occur because of the cost process for the certification. The main implication is also the non conformity of the devices with the wi fi logo and compatibility. every product verified by the WI FI alliance has the logo or trademark of the wi fi alliance eon it which provide the evidence that concerned product hold the required quality and is standardized to achieve the network requirements.

Historical Background:
Before the commencement of the wi fi Certification process. There were some problems that were related o the product sub standardization, in compatibility and interpretability. Because the only organization for standard was IEE which did not had and provision for testing the quality compliance of the standards. In 1990 the manufacturers of the standard 802.11 provide an endorsement for the Wireless Ethernet compatibility Alliance (WECA) and introduced a new bad name called WI FI. Many organizations were involved in that alliance including the Lucent, Sony Corporation, Symbol Technologies, AirNet, Panasonic ,Apple Inc and Motorola. The certification charter of this formed organization was to test and certify the interpretability of the products in order to promote the technology.

How Wi Fi Certification is Processed:
The entire process of the Wi Fi certification undergoes the series of the steps to get the certified wireless LAN product. The process involves its own trademarks, business strategies, certified logo, security protocols and data interpretation techniques that evaluate the product by using the different protocols for power management and standardization. Wi fi device have to clear the rest for running on common application and operating systems, multiple usage and reliability.
The process of Wi Fi certification involves three forms of test phases that lead to the successful interpretability of the certified product.

Compatibility on the whole: The devices are connected to the different platforms and applications in order to test its compatibility and compliance with the different applications provided by the different vendors. It is also observed that certified product must be compatible with more than 3 structural applications
Another important thing that is kept in mind is that a certified device is owned and purchased by the multiple users. It means that product submitted for the certification is the need of the customers.

Conformity: Another test that every product must under is the conformance of the production all the critical components of IEEE 802.11 standard. It’s basically a procedure of evaluating a device as a standalone individual that how far a product can flourish if restricted to the certain level.

Performance: Last and final test of the product for the Wi FI certification is the performance evaluation test. In which performance and reliability, maintenance and future of the product is concerned .it is assumed that product must fulfill the customer demand and also satisfy the existing need.

List of Wi fi Certifications:
There area series of the certification provide by the Wi fi Alliance. Some of the major ones are.

• Core MAC/PHY interpretability over 802.11-801.11n.
• Wi-Fi Protected Access(tm)2 (WPA2) security.

• 802.11i. WPA2 is available in two types: WPA2-Personal for consumer use, and WPA2 Enterprise, in addition EAP authentication.

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Limitations of Wi-Fi Network Technology

Overview:

WIFI technology supports two types, one is called “infrastructure” other one is “Ad hoc” In ad hoc Wi-Fi network can be connected without central device known as router or access point Ad hoc mode is always preferred over infrastructure mode, however ad hoc networks have following issues Wi-Fi devices configure on Ad hoc mode offers nominal security against network intruders. Ad hock WiFi configured devices cannot disable SSID broadcast in contrast to infrastructure mode. Network attackers will not required much of effort to prevail in Ad hoc Network

Using Ad hoc mode signals issues can experienced where as using alternative infrastructure mode will provide full strength singles.Wi-Fi networking standard including 802.11g requires ad hoc mode of communication supports which 11Mbps bandwidth.Wi-Fi devices when configured to infrastructure mode can transfer data up to 54 Mbps, where as using ad hoc mode only 11 mbps can be achieved. Ad hoc mode is considered slower in comparison to infrastructure for this reason. Learn more limitation of wifi.

Security concerns:

It is simple to set Wi-Fi network but keeping it secure takes much more effort, Access points of Wi-Fi do not deploy encryption methods. It is required to be done as network is enabled. Secure Wi-Fi network can be easily attacked by hackers to steal private information.
Guests who are not potentially harmful can still utilize the network resources and minimize the performance.

Interference from other devices:

Wi-Fi transmits data at 2.4 GHz making susceptible to interfere Bluetooth enabled devices, mobile phones, cordless, Microwaves and other communication devices, closer the interfering devices are the poor communication will be and vice versa.

Lacking high-quality media streaming:

Today’s fastest Wi-Fi standards are pushed beyond their limit when trying to view high end media.High definition video and audios cannot be viewed flawlessly because of lower transfer rate; things can be much more worst if other clients are accessing the same access points.

Even the fastest current Wi-Fi standards are pushed beyond their limit when trying to handle some of today's high-end media. High-definition audio and video files are timely-delivery-intensive, and typical wireless networks have neither the transfer speeds nor the consistency to transfer them flawlessly. This problem is further compounded if there are multiple devices connected to the same because the bandwidth must be divided between all of the equipment.

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Wi-Fi & Wireless Networks Terminology

Wi-Fi Terminology:

There are lots terminologies which are require to be known to get the better understanding of what wireless network technology is and how it works. Following are the terms which are involved in Wi-fi and wireless networks.

Gigahertz:

Gigahertz is frequency measurement and its unit is GHz. It represents frequencies in the billions of cycles per second range. Giga represents 1 billion and hearts is standard unit used for measuring different frequencies.

GHz is used with wireless communication as radio frequencies and computer performance. GHz refer to clock speed of central procession unit, (CPU). The higher the GHz , or CPU clock is the better the performance of the computer. The lowest clock GHz in Pentium 1 series is 133 which had reached up to 4 GHz along the time.

Whereas in radio communication GHz is refer as bands of electric spectrum. Different band different uses for example, 802.11b/g falls some where between 2.4GHz to 5.0GHz.Latest technologies like Bluetooth, cordless phones, Wi-Fi operates on S-bands, Satellite communication and global possible system (GPS) operates on L-bands. There are other popular bands like Ku, Ka which have different uses.

WiBro:

Wibro have nothing to do with Wi-Fi directly, but it can be called extended version of Wi-Fi, Its is known as Wireless broadband. It is developed in south korea and it is latest technology in mobile access of wireless broadband. Wi-Fi operates on 802.11 standards developled by IEEE, WiBro on the other hand operates on 802.16 just as WiMax do. WiBro is specially design for connectivity while on move, where as WiMax is not recommended on move connectivity.

Hotspot:

Hotspot is the place where wireless network is available for puplic use. Devices like laptops, handsets, Pdas, Note books etc are mostly installed with Wireless network cards which are designed to connect to Wi-Fi network in surrounding area. The place where wireless network is available to access is called hotspot. HotSpots are mostly available for free at Coffee shops, Public libraries, Public grounds, Universities, Airtports, Railway Stations etc.

WiFi Finder:

As name suggests, it portable device to find Wireless network available for public use in certain area. This devices helps to find hotspots so laptop battery do not get waste just for finding Wireless network around. Wi-Fi finder are mostly battery operated device which is about a mouse size. When WiFi find is turn on it stats searching wirless network around if wifi network found it turns on its LED which says network is around and ask if wants to connect to it. If no network is found LED remain turned off. WiFi finders operates on 802.11b/g bands. Different versions of WiFi finders are available in market depending upon the aditonal features, Expensive modules comes with built in antenna which enhance the range and connection apabilities. WiFi finder Modules can ranges from 150 feet to 300 feet depending how sophisticated and expensive the module is. Wi-Fi finders once scan the network can be connected to laptops through USB.

Access Point:

This is another important term which Wi-fi users mostly heard. Access point is almost like HotSpot. Its is also known as WAP, Wireless access point. WAP device connects wireless communication devices together to form a wireless network. WAP network are mostly connected to wired network and can provide interface between wireless devices with wired devices.

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How Wifi internet build in a cities?

As we know that wireless technologies are grown rapidly with the passage of time. There are many resources that can advances the wireless technology in many kinds of forms. One of these kinds is the WiFi that is also called as wireless LAN. It is that kind of wireless networking system or media that can help in both aspects for example in different types of offices as well as in the home. The major contribution of WiFi is its working or the use in the maintaining communication process between different types of buildings or cities as it operates wirelessly

WiFi for buildings and cities men to enhances the productivity and also different types of resources that can benefit the humanity in the field of networking. As we know that the products or the appliances based on the WiFi system has unpredictable working and importance. So use of such kind of products to increase the business and the communication between the two or more buildings is referred to as WiFi for buildings and cities.

How it Works?

Basically the working of WiFi is based on transmission process. In this process the data which is going to be transferred has to be transmitted in the form of radio signals, and then the device transmits these signals to antenna which is used for transferring of data. This antenna is which is used for transmission purpose is connected with a wired LAN or DSL. A router is also connected with the device which is able to receive the signals and also help in decoding them. Then this information is spread on internet. This all process is carried out between the different buildings at very far places with the help of radio waves.

WiFi for Buildings and Cities:

The WiFi technology that is used to setting up the wireless network for the sake of data transmission between the different buildings and cities with the help of radio signals is called as the WiFi for buildings. It is a good source of communication for different forms of businesses. Some important characteristics of WiFi for buildings and the cities are as follows

1. Basically WiFi technology is used in buildings and the cities for the sake of the enhancement of the communicational processes. It also helps in increasing the different types of businesses between the different companies.
2. WiFi also helps in increasing the productivity of that particular building that operates under such technology of wireless LAN.
3. It is not effected by the weather but sometime it may be sensitive to the weather such as windy ort the rainy weather etc
4. As we know that for the configuration of setting up the wired network such as Ethernet between two buildings require much cost and also much time to lay down the networking cables. So, WiFi really reduce the hassle of the cables between the buildings also at a very affordable price.
5. WiFi technology used for the buildings or cities has a greater bandwidth as compared to the wireless LAN network used at the home. So, it is very convenient to connect the router and the wireless device between two cities or the buildings.
6. It has high security rates with the help of several processes such as authentication.

Other Contribution:
Other then these characteristics WiFi used in the buildings have other some valuable contributions such as bridge. A bridge is formed between the two or more buildings with the help of wireless routing devices where wireless networking is required for the sake of business meetings and the production of goods. So, it is very easy to configure such network between buildings and cities over a long range.

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Major WiFi security Problems and solutoions

Features of WiFi Security:

Some important features of WiFi security which are responsible of reliability of such technology are as follows.

1. Confidentiality
2. Data Integrity
3. Access Control
4. Encryption
5. Association
6. Authentication

Two types of authentications i.e. open system authentication and shared key authentication.

WiFi Security Problems and Solution

There are so many security problems of WiFi or wireless LAN which let the wireless LAN down. Some of the major problems with their solutions are given below

1. Modulation Spectrum Technique:  The technique of spectrum modulation which wads used in the early technology of WiFi has very low security that anyone can use your network and hack your code of activity.

Solution: The solution which scientist suggest for this problem is that we can use latest model or technology of modulation spectrum to protect the WiFi fro such problem.

2. Change Default Passwords
   Some hackers also hack your default password that was assign by manufacturers. Hackers used all the default passwords and hack your WiFi network.

Solution: When you use the WiFi system you should change the default password as soon as possible and set a new password of your choice.

3. Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP):

             Some people also suggest for using Wireless Equivalent Privacy WEP to have a secure working on WiFi network. Sometimes it is very insecure to use WEP technology because it is very easy to break the encryption of WEP.  

Solution: This security problem of WiFi can be reduced by upgrading the wireless encryption to Virtual Private Network (VPN).

4. Crackers:
   One of the major problems of WiFi security are crackers.
   

Solutions:  We can prevent the crackers by using the no. of methods of recovery of WiFi security such as placement of access points in the desired area, as WiFi is the combination of both wireless and the wired devices so, by dividing the both portions in the different segments we can avoid such problem of crackers.

5. Service Set Identifier (SSID):

Another major security problem of WiFi security is breaking of service set identifier SSID. It is very easy and convenient to break the service set identifier SSID by anyone with the help of any kind of sniffing tool.

Solution: This problem of WiFi can be overcome by using the encryption technology such as RADIUS etc. By applying encryption of data we can protect our SSID. 

Future of Wifi security:

             The future of WiFi security will be very bright if we overcome the security problems in the present technologies. And if we protect WiFi from these security problems we have long way to produce great technologies under WiFi networking in future.

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Tips of WiFi security - WiFi Security Tips

Wi-Fi technology has widely spread around the nooks and corners of the global village. With the increase in the Wi-Fi (802.11) users more and more security concerns are arising. Installing a WiFi network either at home or at work place demands precautionary measures to keep the system safe and secure. You must have observed the accessibility of Wi-Fi hotspots around some houses and in some offices. Most of the users do not bother to close or protect their hotspots while letting the passersby make use of their hotspots for accessing internet. Most of the unauthorized users would not mean any harm to your system but you should know the hazards and the tips to secure your Wi-Fi. Before opening it to others

Tips on Opening your Wi-Fi to Strangers:

Your Hot Spot Must Abide by ISP Terms of Service:
The sharing of bandwidth is often banned by the broadband service providers. The terms of service quotes such prohibitions so make sure to read the manual of ISP before signing up.

Change the password of your Base Station:
Most of the Wi-Fi base stations have default password that is same for all set ups such as ADMIN or 123. An easy to guess or common password would make your base station settings vulnerable to attacks from hackers. Before opening your Wi-Fi to others change the default password.

Your Computer as well as Your Network is Secure:
You have to assign a password to your system that is not common but easy to remember for you. In case of home computer password is vital because you would never like to know that people are using your Wi-Fi for an easy access to your personal data
In Macintosh OS X (10.2) go to Accounts or My Accounts to open System Preference in order to set your password. For Windows XP go to Control Panel and assign password via User Accounts.

Tips on Closing your Wi-Fi for Outsiders:

If you want to close your Wi-Fi to outsiders then you should follow some tips to limit strangers’ access.

Avoid Broadcasting your SSID:
No matter of which company, all Wi-Fi base stations by default  broadcast their presence to all Wi-Fi modems within its range known as SSID (Service Set Identifier). For stopping the SSID reconfigure the base station to abandon access to random passerby. However if an outsider identifies the name of your Wi-Fi network then he or she could gain access of your Wi-Fi but this simple precaution would keep away most of the traffic.

Scramble the Password of Your Wireless Network:
Encryption or scrambling of a wireless network password is a securer way to keep out strangers. Any person who intends to use your Wi-Fi would be asked for password and would not get access unless he or she gives accurate encrypted password. WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy) in older base stations helps in scrambling password. A mediocre disinterested hacker would not be able to access your Wi-Fi but a determined hacker could break into the privacy. The modern base stations have WPA (Wireless Protected Access), a new encryption protocol.
Each computer has a distinct MAC (machine access code) address. You have to configure your base station so it would give access only to your computer MAC addresses. The settings of base stations have sections in which you can type the MAC addresses that would have the access. Guessing a MAC address is not a piece of cake; thus your bandwidth would be secured.

Tips on Sending Information Over Wi-Fi:

The most important thing about using Wi-Fi is to remember that whether you close or open your Wi-Fi network as long as you are transmitting or receiving data you are at a security risk of losing your information. Accessing web pages or opening emails on a Wi-Fi connection is like sending information in the air that any hacker could easily grab. A common man or woman might not be at the risk of data theft but the issue becomes serious in case you are sending sensitive information or making confidential requests over a Wi-Fi network.

Make sure that the Wi-Fi network is secure before sending any information especially before making credit card transaction. Most of the shopping web sites employees SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology for encrypting transaction via a secure tunnel between the web site server and the user. For sorting out if the website has SSL is to read the URL. If the prefix is https:// (not http://) then the S shows the presence of SSL. The web browsers do have a solid key icon or a padlock icon for SSL. Most of the popular web based emails prompts Lon in by using secure SSL connection. If you have to use a Wi-Fi network for sending or receiving important email then log in to your email account with SSL.

The Wi-Fi transmissions on a network could be insured if you use VPN (Virtual Private Network) – an advanced feature in networking that burrow between the client and the network server. Corporate offices do secure data transmissions via VPNs; ask your administrator to confirm whether your work pace deploys such facility or not.

Wi-Fi has indeed simplified our lives but its broadness has caused potential threats to the users. It would not be wise to abandon such a beneficial technology for some security risks; it is better to take precautions beforehand so the facility could not be abused by anyone.

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WIFI Operating system support mechanism

Wi- fi operating system support usually consist of the two portion first is driver level support and the second part is configuration and management support. Wi-Fi operating system support refers to the master boot programs that’s fully supports the Wi-Fi wireless internet features .there are many operating systems that support Wi-Fi, each with the different architecture and internal configurations but the main concept for installing the Wi-Fi and managing the wireless networks are same Wi-Fi installation were started in the early years of 20th century when the growing industry demanded the wireless access feature sin the device. All the manufactured stared producing such products that support Wi-Fi such as Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh operating systems etc.

Operating system support mechanism:

Both driver and configuration level support is involved in the Wi-Fi support mechanism. Driver support is typically provided by the chip manufacturers with the provide hardware set. But additional versions are also available such as UNIX clones, Free BSD etc., which can be used through the open sources on official driver’s websites.

Configuration and management involves the software that manages and check for the entire Wi-Fi network available around for interconnection. This further has some encryption techniques for the data security and standard driver model.in many standard architecture of operating systems Ethernet device is responsible for the configuration and management that perform overall functions related to the connectivity of the Wi-Fi device. Some hardware service providers also offer their own software for handling the related activities.

Microsoft windows:

Microsoft windows have the detailed driver level support for Wi-Fi support. Its quality varies form hardware set provide by the manufacturers. Approximately 90% of the manufacturers provide windows drives with their products. When Windows operating system is purchased from the official dealers original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are shipped along with the purchase order. Confirmation and management of the Windows may be different in different versions of the windows. Old windows versions don’t have built in Wi-Fi support. But presently Microsoft Windows xp has nice support for Wi-Fi .there is no need to additionally install the external drivers, the only thing required is the periodic updating of the windows.it may require series of auto run wizard for the secure wireless networks but it automatically connects to the nearby networks explored in unsecure environment.one this advantage of this open access could be the security for the owner pouncing into the network because public access point makes the information visible to all the systems present in the unsecured network.

Mac Operating System X:

Macintosh operating system by apple also supports the Wi-Fi .it offer s built in WPA 2 and Wi-Fi card called “Air Ports”. All the apple operating system with its basics of Intel includes Wi-Fi system support. With all system 802.11a and g Wi-Fi networks are present. In the earlier Apple system only Wi-Fi slot was present in the systems but now fully equipped with high grade management and support system can be enjoyed. Third party wireless cards cannot be installed in OS X making it inflexible for the long connectivity. The Wi-Fi Cards compatible with the apple systems are Macsense and D link DWL-122.

Linux Operating systems:

Linux is one of the operating systems that can support the maximum Wi-Fi external cards install manually. The driver recommends compatible for the windows can also work in the same way with the Linux with Intel specifications. Some of the cards that doesn’t supports includes MIMO and Airgo.

Future Perception:

Wi-Fi support and management system is still under construction because of the growing technologies and anticipated change in the wireless devices structure. In future advanced level of both drivers and configuration support can be expected.

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What types of features in Wi-Fi Technology?

Features of “Wi-Fi” Technology:

Wi-Fi has brought a new aspect in the ground of networking. The broadcast of data is completed via radio waves and the cost of cables for network lying down. Wi-Fi enables a user to get access to internet anywhere in the given location. Now you can make a network in Hotels, Libraries, colleges, universities, campus, private institutes, and coffee shops and even on a public place to make your business more profitable and connect with their client any time. Wi-Fi makes waves for business with their highly effective cable less media.

Unmatched mobility and elasticity:

Wi-Fi, is allowing new intensity of connectivity without giving up functions. Wi-Fi introduced various types of utilities such music streamers that transmit your music to speakers without any wire you can also play music from the remote computer or any other attached to the network. The most important now you can play online radio. Wi-Fi technology system is rather remarkable, you can download songs, send email and transfer files expediently at sky-scraping speed and you can move your computer easily because your Wi-Fi network has no cable to disrupt your work so we can say that it is quite easy, helpful and most of all expedient.

Fortress Technology:

Wi-Fi providing secure wireless solutions supports the growth and release of a prototype mobile ad hoc wireless network for use in the wireless strategic skirmish.

Support an entire age bracket:

Wi-Fi technology has several advantages it support an entire age bracket and create a connection between components on the same network and have ability to transfer data between the devices and enable different kind of devices such as game, MP3 player, PDA’s and much more!

It's convenient and everywhere:

Wi-Fi is a convenient technology and where the range station exists you are online during travel you can equip with a Wi-Fi network and set up shop anyplace. You will automatically connect with internet if you are near hotspot. These days Wi-Fi exists everywhere with all its wonders.

Faster and secure:

With Wi-Fi you can get high speed of internet because it is very fast than DSL and Cable connection you can establish a Wi-Fi network in small space now you don’t need any professional installation just connect to a power outlet with an Ethernet cord, and start browsing. Wi-Fi security system for Threats makes it more renewable and its tool protect your VPN and secure web page. You can easily configure the device to take better performance. The standard devices, embedded systems and network security make it more powerful.

Wi-Fi with no limitation:

You can use a “Wi-Fi” network with no limitation because it can connect you worldwide. You can easily reach to your requirements with Wi-Fi networking applications because the power consumption is very high as compared to other bandwidth. The vision of wireless network is bright with Pre-N products and high quality media streaming.

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Which type of effects on wireless devices or technology for Health

What are Wireless Devices?

Different type of devices that are used for the communicational purposes and for many type of data transmission from one place to another but the mode of operation of those devices are independent of cables thus called as the wireless devices. Wireless devices are of different types and almost all devices play an important role in the sake of the benefit of the mankind. Some important types of wireless technology are wireless LAN, Wi-Fi and many more

Effects of Wireless Technology:

Studying the effects of wireless on the health is not a new phenomenon but it has been studied in the past as well and developed some serious steps and concepts to describe the effects of wireless on health. As known by facts, electromagnetic field is generated during the data transmission from the wireless devices. So World Health Organization WHO studies the wireless devices in 1996 by developing an important project that deals with the effect of different wireless devices from 0 to more than 275 hertz. Basically health sometimes effected with the wireless devices because different types of microwaves are used in the communication from one place to another. Under these circumstances WHO develop different agencies that monitors the effect of wireless devices on health.

Important Effects of Wireless Devices on Health:
Basically wireless devices are developed for the sake of convenience and the better or faster networking as compared to different types of wired devices. They have a very good effect on the health because wireless devices can save the time and expense required for typical broadband connection. They have faster speed as compared to wired devices so they can easily enhance the performance of the network and the system. Where these devices have good effects they also have some negative effects but only few. Some important wireless devices and their effects on the health are as follows

Mobile Phones:

Mobile phone needs no introduction in this world, with the help of mobile phone we can communicate with other fellows from, everywhere in the world. As mobile phone is also a wireless devices and different types of microwaves play an important role. So the radiations that are used to carry on the communication and the working of the mobiles are sometimes dangerous for the health. These radiations have a negative effect on our mind when we dial or receive the calls. So some precautionary measures have been developed by the HPA (health protection agency) to avoid the radiations.

WIFI or Wireless LAN:

As wireless LAN or Wi-Fi is also operated with the help of frequently used radio waves, So HPA describes some serious effect caused by the access points of the wireless technology that are generally closest to the humans. The radiations come out from the Wi-Fi can cause some internal disorders but they are of minor category.

Positive Effects of Wireless on Health:
Wireless technologies have many positive effects on the human health because wireless devices really made the life easier as compared to wired devices. Mobility is the main factor of convenience in the life. If we see around us, we can find that everything that we use in the present almost operate wirelessly or with the help of radio or microwaves such as remote control devices, handsets, laptops, USB devices and many more.

Pros of Wireless Technology:

There are many advantages of the wireless technology; some of them are as follows

• wireless technology have faster speed without their involvement of cables
• mobility is the major advantage.
• configuration and the installation of the wireless technology is much less as compared to wired technology.

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