How Wimax Technology Works?

Working Process of WiMAX Technology

WiMAX technology works little different than WiFi technology. In wifi computers can be connected through wireless LAN card to near by access point, wireless router or any Hotspot, it does not works this way when we talk about connectivity in WiMAX. This network connectivity constitutes of two parts, one can define as WiMAX tower or WiMAX booster, it is known as WiMAX Base station, whereas the other is WiMax receiver. Let’s talk about them in little details for better understanding on how wimax works.

How Wimax works?

1. WiMAX base station: As name explains base station is place where WiMax signals are broadcasted. It consists of electronic devices and WiMax Tower. This tower works exactly like GSM network phones towers standing high up in the air to broadcast radio signals. WiMAX tower base station can cover up 10Km radius. In theory it suggests to cover a lot more distance than just 10Km, it can reach some where about 50 km (30 miles), but in fact due to certain geographical limitations it goes as far as 10 km approx. 6 mils. Any wireless connecting device for WiMAX will connect to WiMAX network if fallen in to the range.

2. WiMAX Receiver: It is device or devices which receives the signals from WiMAX base station and connects to the WiMAX networks. These devices are usually stand alone Antenna or PCMCIA slot card for laptops or computers. Connecting to WiMAX base stations works as similar as connection of Wifi to access point works, the only difference is that WiMAX covers much wider area.

One WiMAX base stations can be connected to several other base stations using high speed microwave link, this link is usually known as backhaul. This way WiMAX roaming can be achieved and connections can be maintained on move.

Wimax support many protocols like ATM, IPv4 Ethernat, VLAN etc, this makes WiMax a rich choice for full of services from data to voice.

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Standards of Wimax Technology

Wimax Standards:

World wide Interpretability for Microwave Access is a telecommunications technology which is based on the international standards of institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. This wireless technology is often associated with its previous names and standards like 802.16 2004, it refers to the fixed WiMax which is not suitable for wireless applications. Another definition of WiMax describes this standard as 802.16e2005, which is an extension to 802.10 2004 and it known as mobile WiMax.

This wireless broadband connection can provide many triple play services like IPTV. This technology is based on 802.16 standards set by IEEE, whose name was suggested by WiMax forum in 2001. WiMax forum also run promotion campaigns to promote this technology, So that the people choose it for their ultimate wireless connection choice.

IEEE 802.16 Standards:

IEEE is an array of wireless standards which guides and monitors the working of these connections the most recent version of this standard is IEEE 802.16 2009. This standard was written and designed by a working committee established by IEEE council in 1999. This team worked to set global deployment rules for the working of wireless broadband connections such as WiMax. Initially this standard was known as wireless MAN. However later it was termed as WiMax for commercial use. The aim and mission of IEEE was to promote WiMax as a compatible and standard wireless connection. The wireless standard which gained the most popularity overtime is known as 802.16e 2005 due its mobile applications. There are plenty of 802.16 standards which are either archaic or are still in use.

List of 802.16 Standards:

There is much development and improvement in the 802.16 stand over the years. The first 802.16 standard was 802.16 2001. This was a fixed wireless broadband connection which operated at a speed of 10 to about 63Ghz. 802.16.2 2001 which was merely an extension to its legacy. 802.16c 2002 was used for system profiles. 802.16a 2003 was used for the physical layer and MAC applications. This standard used the frequency of 2 GHz to 11 GHz. Some other standards which were withdrawn and merged overtime were P802.16b, P802.16b, and P802.162a, 802.16 2004 and 802.16e 2005. Some superseded standards include 802.16f 2005 which is used a management information base, 802.16 2004/cor 12005(connection used for attached connections), 802.16e 2005 a wireless broadband access. Some other standards include 802.16K2007, 802.16 g2007, 802.16 2009 an air interface for mobile and fixed wireless access, 802.16j2009,P802.16h an improvement  for license exempt operability and p802.16m which is currently in progress.

 

The Practical Operations of 802.16 Standards:

The 802.16 2005 standards are widely popular to deliver range of services to end users. This standard has provided support for mobile wireless communications. It is also helpful in scaling FFT to the operating channel bandwidth in order to keep carrier constant.  The constant carrier results in a consistent and fast broadband speed. It also helps in wide spectral efficiency and substantial cost reduction in narrow channels. It operates in both spectrums as OFDM and SOFDM, to provide multimedia services. It is capable of offering advanced antenna assortment and HRAQ or hybrid automatic repeat request. Adaptive antenna systems and multi input and multi output technology. It provided an introduction to low density parity check. Last but not least it also enabled the operators to use downlink sub channelization.  It is popular in under developing areas for its very small infrastructure cost. Fixed WiMax is considered as a solid backhaul for providing wireless connectivity to users at far off places and locations. The license for WiMax operability is provided by WiMax forum. So far the certification is an expensive procedure but it is expected to decreases.

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Features of WiMax Technology

Wimax Features:

WiMax have lots of features to its name. Lots of limitations were found as the use of Wifi technology grew around the world, to overcome these limitations and to invent better and more efficient wireless technology was realized which turned out to be WiMax. WiMax have lots of features which helped in increase usability of WiMAX around the world. It is still not been used to its full potential that’s why there may be more features which may not be known as yet, more and more exploration is required to get WiMax technology to its full use, however we know some of its significant features which are important enough to mention.

• Long Rang

Connectivity from long range is much highlighted feature of WiMax. Theoretically it is believed that WiMax technology provides range up 30 mils (50 Km). However in practical experience it is observed that it provides range up to 10 km which is still huge break through in long range connectivity. Users can connect to WiMax base station using SUI from their homes.

• Mobility

Another significant feature of WiMax technology is the connectivity on move. This technology amaze the world hence increasing the use of WiMax in some parts of the world dramatically. Especially to the urban places where cables and other network equipments are not feasible to install. Using its long range feature it provides connectivity on such area where other means of high speed Internet are not available.

The other major mobility feature of WiMax technology is that connecting devices (Laptops, PDA etc) can move in certain area and still be connected to the network.

• Interfacing
  

WiMax radio signals are broadcasted to its subscribers from base stations. Base stations are area where all necessary hardware is installed to provide WiMax with in its range. Since one Base station covers limited range so connecting multiple base stations to each other increase that much range for connectivity. Connecting multiple base stations to each other is not big task and can be perform in few hours.

• Accessibility

Accessing WiMax base station is not a difficult task, its long range capability provides connectivity at home from base stations within the range. To get high speed internet it’s only required to be because subscriber to WiMax service providers. They will provide you appropriate hardware to become of the subscriber. Installing the hardware is very easy; it is just plug and play. Hardware mostly connects through USB ports or Ethernet and connection can be made by clicking just a button.

There may be several other features which will surely come up as the growth of WiMax technology increases.

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Applications of WiMAX Technology

WiMAX Applications:

As mentioned several times while talking about WiMAX that this technology is not been widely adopted yet, in some parts of the world this technology is quite unknown where as some countries use WiMAX technology for residences or SOHO purpose, but it is yet be adopted on any governmental scale. These are most common applications of WiMAX which can be used for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA).

1. Residential or Home and Broadband Internet Access:

DSL and cable internet technologies are widely used in residentially and in SOHO. These technologies have strong hold on market by satisfying and meeting the needs of broadband internet users. Taking over from these users for WiMAX technology based internet may be not possible at given time, however internet provided by WiMAX bases station towers can be well utilized within the rural areas where DSL and Cable internet facilities are not available. Using WiMAX internet technology brings reliability to the customers as it being the wireless in nature there are no apparent mediums required to use it. WiMAX base station will simply connect to customer premises device and that will be all. Deploying WiMAX technology is very useful for developing countries where setup and reliability of Land line telecommunication infrastructure is poor.

2. Medium and small size business:

The WiMAX Wireless broadband Access (WBA) can be very well suited to provide the reliability and can meet the needs of small to medium scale business especially in low density area, whereas this may not work at its full potential in the area of high density. It has spectral limitation issues. There is a possibility that bandwidth may not be sufficient enough to provide access to large clients in high density area. This could bring the cost way up.

3. Backhaul networks for cellular base stations:

Backhaul networks for cellular base stations can be provided by bypassing the PSTN networks, Public Switched Telephone Network. This cost effective alternative can be achieved by cellular services by looking into Wireless backhaul. Strong WiMAX technology can be preferable choice for backhaul for enterprises such as hotspots and point to point backhaul access solutions.

4. WiFi Hotspots.

This can allow users to access internet remotely by roaming out side office and homes. There are several Hotspots and WiMax backhauls which are providing wireless solutions to wireless networks.

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What is Wimax - Wimax Technology

Introduction To Wimax:

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) unites the technologies of wireless and broadband to provide high-speed internet access across long distances. This technology is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". With the guarantee of WiMAX the vendors are authorized to sell their WiMAX certified products so they can enjoy operability with other products of same type. It is a telecommunication protocol capable of providing internet access to fixed and mobile users. For an outstanding performance like Wi-Fi networks along with QOS (Quality of Service) and coverage this Wireless Broadband Access (BAS) technology is assembled around IP (internet protocol). Currently it offers 40 Mbit/s but expected to offer 1 Gbit/s speed for fixed users.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) names this wireless digital communication system 802.16 that refers to MAN (Metropolitan Area Network). For stationary users a WiMAX station could provide BWA up to 50 kilometers or 30 miles where mobile stations could have up to 5 to 15 kilometers or 3 to 10 miles, contrary to a Wi-Fi connection whose access remain within 30 to 100 meters or 100 to 300 feet.
For wireless carriers, WiMAX provided feasible economic and environmentally regulated model that could function on not only licensed but also non-licensed frequencies. The purpose of WiMAX is to make sure the provision of interoperate in broadband wireless radio crafted for users from vendor to vendor.

The Architecture of WiMAX:
The connectivity of WiMAX network with an IP based network normally selected by the operator serving as ISP (Internet Service Provider) could be understood by the architecture proposed by WiMAX. Along with packet switched mobile network, the WiMAX BS is capable of integration with other architectures. Reference points and some components are defined between the labels of R1 to R5 and R8:

• The Access Service Network (ASN)
• The Subscriber Station/Mobile Station (SS/MS)
• Base Station (BS)
• The Connectivity Service Network (CSN)
• Home Agent (HA)
• A part of ASN, its Gateway (ASN-GW)
• Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA)
• NSP (Network Service Provider)
• NAP (Network Access Provider)

It is possible to shape the functional architecture not into fixed configurations but into a number of hardware configurations: the flexible architecture allows BS of different sizes and static/moving stations of changing scale and functionality.

Potential Applications of WiMAX:
Mobile WiMAX is the embodiment of WiMAX that has wide commercial interest nowadays and employed in a number of countries. Also named Wi-Fi on Steroids the technology is of multiple purposes such as cellular backhaul, broadband connections and hotspots. Although its functions resemble to Wi-Fi but it gives longer access range. With greater coverage the service is also cost-effective. Some of the applications are as follows:

• A variety of devices enable WiMAX to provide portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and continents. The markets that have only DSL operators for broadband provision have seen the growing competition with the advent of WiMAX.
• As compared to technologies like 3G, FTTx, HFC, HSDPA and xDSL, WiMAX has low cost for network development.
• A connection that grows with the expansion of business.
• For last mile broadband the wireless WiMAX would most probably substitute cable and DSL or would be instilled for increasing capacity. In developed an developing countries, fixed WiMAX has been taken as a backhaul technology for 2G, 3G and 4G.
• It supports QOS and Multicasting technologies that are helpful in triple-play services: telecommunications (VoIP), data and IPTV.

 

Connectivity with a WiMAX Network:
For connecting with a WiMAX network several devices are available in the market known as SU (Subscriber Unit) with special focus on portable devices such as smart phones, inbuilt devices in notebooks and PC peripherals such as USB Dongles or PC cards.

The Gateway:
A number of manufacturers provide outdoor and indoor versions of gateway devices. Some of the complete self-install indoor WiMAX gateways presented by industries are Greenpacket, Huawei, Motorola, ZyXEL and Airspan: the devices are usually installed near the window for uninterrupted signals. Such indoor gateways are very helpful but radio losses make it compulsory for the user to keep his or her seat near the base station (instead of staying near the external unit).
The size of outdoor units is proportionate to a notebook and installed just like a private satellite dish. For increased range a higher gain directional unit must be used but the task could be achieved at the xost of mobility.

The Dongles & Smart Phones:
The USB Dongles could be annexed with the notebook whilst on the go for WiMAX connectivity. Dongles work efficiently in areas that have good coverage due to the inbuilt omni-directional antennae.
The first WiMAX enabled handset Max 4G was announced by HTC and was available in limited markets. EVO 4G was the second smart phone with WiMAX released by Sprint Nextel and HTC in 2010. The device offers video conversation along with EV-Do (3G), WiMAX (4G) and data and voice sessions

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Colour Code For RJ45 Connector of LAN Cable

Straight Cable:
Orange white ------- Orange
Green white --------- Blue
Blue white ----------- Green
Brown white --------- Brown

Cross Over Cable:
Green white --------- Green
Orange white -------- Blue
Blue white ----------- Orange
Brown white --------- Brown

Same Device (Cross Over Cable):
Pc --------- Pc
Pc --------- Router
Hub ------- Hub
Hub ------- Switch
Switch ---- Switch
Router ---- Router

Different Device (Straight Cable):
Pc --------- Hub
Pc --------- Switch
Router ---  Switch
Router ---- Hub

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10 Important Tips For Wireless Network Security

Wireless network security Tips:

Wireless networks are one of the growing technologies due to the increasing use and development new security threat may interrupt the wireless networks. Many home users or professional neglect the security factor of the wireless network and in result they get their data almost or infected by some malicious virus or Trojan horses. When using wifi technologies the security products available usually doesn’t provide complete security .that is why wireless is known unreliable when data security is concerned. But these threats can be reduced by following some of the minor tips and very small things that can save the data from being lost. Home user can use these effectively for their home wireless network security purposes.

1) Randomly change or modify your network or administrator passwords

The most frequently used tip for securing the home and commercial wireless networks is the change of the usernames or administrator’s account through which you access the router point. One can customize the pages that are provided by the manufacturer of the equipment or setup of different or assigned web pages. Through these WebPages users/owner can enter not their account and can change and customize according to their need. Along with the web pages web tool for the protections also provided to hide the usernames and login screen form rest of the public and third party users. All the users must change there passwords and usernames to avoid the hacking threat that can collect information and private data online.

2) Make use of encryption technology All the wi-fi setups support at least one type of encryption techniques. encryption randomly hides and encrypts all the message that are sent via wireless networks and its quite hard for the hacker to get the going data the data encrypted can be red by the machine or conversion software only not by the human directly .but because of the advanced technology one should choose the strongest wi-fi encryption program to use in order to keep the data at the safest mode. Identical wireless encryption sharing can be done .in this way only users would be able to see the shared data.

3) Change all the SSID after some time All the access point of the network and routers make use of common name which is called SSID .for every individual equipment SSID is designed by the manufacturer .SSID doesn’t allow even the neighboring machine to interfere the transmission. All the users having the configuration rights should change their default SSID to keep the communication safe.

4) Mac address Filtering In wireless networks there is an option for the filtration of MAC addresses for the security of network. In this way the safe physical addresses of the access points can participation the networking and data sharing.

5) SSID broadcast restriction
Blocking the broadcasting by the SSID can also be an effective security technique in wireless networks.

6) Restrict the auto detection of wifi around
Another useful technique is to restrict the auto connect option for the detection of the wireless network around. This may expose your computer system to different kind of security risks.

7) Static IP Addresses.
It’s useful for the home users that they should assign static IP addresses to the wifi devices .many of them use the DHCP technique to assign the dynamic IP which is easier technique but it’s quite unsafe.

8) Firewall
Enabling the firewall on each single attached device can also protect the wireless network.

9) Router Access Positioning
To protect the signal leakage in Wifi networks router access points and ranges must be configured.

10) Network turning off
Turn of the network properly when not in use.

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